Deuteronomy Introduction

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The Torah: In these five writings of Moses, we have a miniature of the Bible:

• In Genesis, we have ruin through man's sin.


• In Exodus, redemption by "blood" and "power".


• In Leviticus, communion on the ground of atonement.


• In Numbers, direction by the guiding will of god.


• In Deuteronomy, destination through the faithfulness of God.

These five books also give us a progressive revelation of God:

• In Genesis, we see the Divine sovereignty, in creation and election.


• In Exodus, the Divine power, in redemption and emancipation.


• In Leviticus, the Divine holiness, in the insistence on separation and sanctification.


• In Numbers, the Divine "goodness and severity", in judging the old generation and preserving the new.


• In Deuteronomy, the Divine faithfulness, in discipline and destination.


• Therefore, Deuteronomy, the last of the five is not merely the last in order, but the natural and beautiful completion of the Torah.

Deuteronomy is a book of transition (like the Book of Acts):

• Transition to a new generation - only Caleb and Joshua of the old generation were going to enter the Promised Land.


• Transition to a new possession - Canaan.


• Transition to a new experience, to a new life - houses instead of tents; settled instead of wandering; milk, honey, corn and wine instead of wilderness diet.


• Transition to a new revelation of God - the revelation of His love.
  
  
  
  • Deuteronomy 7:7-8: “The Lord did not set his heart on you and choose you because you were more numerous than other nations, for you were the smallest of all nations! Rather, it was simply that the Lord loves you, and he was keeping the oath he had sworn to your ancestors. That is why the Lord rescued you with such a strong hand from your slavery and from the oppressive hand of Pharaoh, king of Egypt.
  
  
  • Deuteronomy 10:15: Yet the Lord chose your ancestors as the objects of his love. And he chose you, their descendants, above all other nations, as is evident today.
  
  
  • Deuteronomy 23:5: But the Lord your God refused to listen to Balaam. He turned the intended curse into a blessing because the Lord your God loves you.
  
  
  
  

The central message of Deuteronomy is the Divine faithfulness.

(Above from "Baxter's Explore the Book" by J. Sidlow Baxter)

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Name: The English name “Deuteronomy” derives from the Greek for “second law,” a mistranslation of “copy of this law” in 17:18. In fact, Deuteronomy emphasizes that its laws are not a new law but rather the preaching of the original law given to Israel at Sinai.

The Hebrew name of Deuteronomy (Debarim; literally, “The words”) is taken from the opening phrase - "These are the words".

Author: Moses spoke with God face to face (Exodus 33:11; Numbers 12:8; Deuteronomy 34:10). Deuteronomy is the result of this intimacy and the experience of forty years in the wilderness. Moses codifies and highlights what to him is most important in a well-known format that this new generation of Israelites would understand - a Hittite suzerainty treaty. This type of treaty was not used after 1200BC, a fact which supports Mosaic authorship. Moses writes Deuteronomy as a national constitution, a binding agreement between God and His people. Moses knows that his death is imminent. Joshua (by this time 80 years old) probably authored Deuteronomy 34:5-12.

(Back to the Bible 101 - Deuteronomy: www.geocities.com/genebrooks/deuteronomy.html)

Deuteronomy contains about forty internal claims to Mosaic authorship.

Who:

• God, the true author, speaking through Moses to the nation.


• Moses writing down God's law, reviewing the history of the Exodus with the new generation, looking forward to Israel's move into Promised Land, reviewing the law to the new generation, passing the leadership on to Joshua and dying. Moses has been the leader of Israel since early in the book of Exodus, called by God to that role at the burning bush (Exodus 3). Deuteronomy is Moses' final speech to all Israel before his death.


• Joshua, the new leader.


• The new generation of Israel
  
  
  
  • Deuteronomy 1:1: These are the words that Moses spoke to all the people of Israel while they were in the wilderness east of the Jordan River...
  
  
  
  

Writer: Deuteronomy 31:9 records that Moses wrote down “this law,” most likely referring to chapters 1–30. Certainly the bulk of these chapters is the speech of Moses to Israel in the plains of Moab at the end of the 40-year wilderness period and immediately preceding the conquest under Joshua.:

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  Deuteronomy 1:1: These are the words that Moses spoke to all the people of Israel while they were in the wilderness east of the Jordan River. They were camped in the Jordan Valley near Suph, between Paran on one side and Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth, and Di-zahab on the other.


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  Deuteronomy 31:9: So Moses wrote this entire body of instruction in a book and gave it to the priests, who carried the Ark of the Lord’s Covenant, and to the elders of Israel.

When: There are two main issues related to the dating of this book. One is the date of the conquest, and hence of Moses' life. The dating of the conquest is disputed, with the two major positions placing it in the late fifteenth century BC (about 1406 BC) or in the thirteenth century (about 1220 BC).

Where: Deuteronomy 1:1: These are the words that Moses spoke to all the people of Israel while they were in the wilderness east of the Jordan River. They were camped in the Jordan Valley near Suph, between Paran on one side and Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth, and Di-zahab on the other.

The Holy Land's wide open spaces loomed before them within full view. One can view almost the entire Holy Land from the summit of Mount Nebo.

Structure: There are a number of similarities between the structure of Deuteronomy and ancient treaty documents .Treaties from the Hittites of the second millennium are somewhat similar to the structure of Deuteronomy.

Purpose of Writing: Out of the generation who were older than 20 years of age at the Exodus out of Egypt only Moses, Joshua and Caleb were still alive (Numbers 14:29-30). Therefore, a renewed repetition of the law for the whole people after such a long time was quite appropriate and necessary. But the main purpose of the book is the preparation of the people of Israel for the passage through Jordan and the entrance into the land of Canaan that had been promised by Jehovah. The purpose of Deuteronomy is the preparation of the people for the blessings, which Jehovah wanted to give them in the Promised Land.

Key Themes:

• The uniqueness of God (4:1–40).


• The election of Israel (4:5–9; 7:6; 10:14–15; 14:1–2, 21).


• The goodness of the land that God has promised to give Israel (1:25; 6:10–11; 8:7–13; 11:8–15).


• The faithfulness of God, despite Israel's sin, to keep his promise of land made originally to Abraham (1:8, 19–46; 7:1–26; 8:1–20; 9:1–10:11).


• The power of God to defeat the enemies in the land (2:1–3:11; 4:1–40; 7:1–26).


• Exhortations to Israel to love, serve, fear, and obey God (6:5; 10:12–13; 13:4).


• Warnings against idolatry and instruction for proper worship of God (4:9–31; 5:6–10; 7:1–5; 8:19–20; 12:1–32; 13:1–18).


• The comprehensiveness of the laws of God affecting all of life in the land (12:1–27:26).


• The imminent death of Moses (1:37; 3:26; 4:21; 32:51; 34:1–12).

Key Verses:

• Deuteronomy 4:27-31: For the Lord will scatter you among the nations, where only a few of you will survive. There, in a foreign land, you will worship idols made from wood and stone - gods that neither see nor hear nor eat nor smell. But from there you will search again for the Lord your God. And if you search for him with all your heart and soul, you will find him.
  “In the distant future, when you are suffering all these things, you will finally return to the Lord your God and listen to what he tells you. For the Lord your God is a merciful God; he will not abandon you or destroy you or forget the solemn covenant he made with your ancestors.


• Deuteronomy 6:4-5: Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD: And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. (KJV - THE SH'MA)
  
  
  
  • 
    See Mark 12:29-30: Jesus replied, “The most important commandment is this: ‘Listen, O Israel! The Lord our God is the one and only Lord. And you must love the Lord your God with all your heart, all your soul, all your mind, and all your strength.
  
  
  
  


• Deuteronomy 6:23: He brought us out of Egypt so he could give us this land he had sworn to give our ancestors.


• Deuteronomy 10:12-13: “And now, Israel, what does the Lord your God require of you? He requires only that you fear the Lord your God, and live in a way that pleases him, and love him and serve him with all your heart and soul. And you must always obey the Lord’s commands and decrees that I am giving you today for your own good.


• Deuteronomy 12:1: “These are the decrees and regulations you must be careful to obey when you live in the land that the Lord, the God of your ancestors, is giving you. You must obey them as long as you live.


• Deuteronomy 18:15-19: Moses continued, “The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your fellow Israelites. You must listen to him. For this is what you yourselves requested of the Lord your God when you were assembled at Mount Sinai. You said, ‘Don’t let us hear the voice of the Lord our God anymore or see this blazing fire, for we will die.’ “Then the Lord said to me, ‘What they have said is right. I will raise up a prophet like you from among their fellow Israelites. I will put my words in his mouth, and he will tell the people everything I command him. I will personally deal with anyone who will not listen to the messages the prophet proclaims on my behalf.
  
  

Key Words/Phrases:

• Covenant: 24 times; Deuteronomy 4:2; 5:29; 6:2; 7:9, 11-12


• Love - 22 times; Deuteronomy 4:37; 7:7-8, 13; 100:18-19; 23:5


• Love For God - 11 times; Deuteronomy 6:4-5; 7:9; 10:12; 13:3; 30:6, 16, 20


• Obey - 18 times; Deuteronomy 4:30, 40; 5:1; 9:1;; 11:26-28; 20:3; 30:8-20


• Obedience (Fear) & Love: 20 times; Deuteronomy 4:10; 10:12; 13:4; 17:19

Content:

• Deuteronomy, the fifth and last book of the Torah, contains Moses' last three sermons and two prophetic poems about Israel's future shortly before his death and not long before the conquest of the land under the leadership of Joshua.


• Ten Commandments repeated, interpreted (Deuteronomy 5-7).


• History of God's faithfulness reviewed (Deuteronomy 8-11).


• Religious regulations (Deuteronomy 12-18).


• Civil law (Deuteronomy 19-21).


• Crime & Punishment to Protect the Home (Deuteronomy 22-26).


• Blessings & Curses (Deuteronomy 27-28).


• Renewal of Covenant (Covenant of Moab) (Deuteronomy 29-30).


• There are eight orations, one of them a song (Deuteronomy 32).


• In Deuteronomy God sets before Israel His conditions for entering and holding the Land.


• After Moses' death, the nation of Israel mourned thirty days.


• Then Joshua took the reins and already had intelligence operations going on inside the Promised Land, especially Jericho (Joshua 2:1).


• Reflecting on the nation's past mistakes, he urges the people not to repeat those mistakes when entering the Promised Land.


• Israel's entry fulfills the promises made to the patriarchs, but if the people fall into idolatry or fail to keep the law, they will be exiled.


• The day after Moses finishes his swan song ( Deuteronomy 32), one translation has it that Moses "died by the kiss of God" (Deuteronomy 34:5-8) on his 120th birthday on Mount Nebo. God kissed Moses to sleep.


• The book of Deuteronomy could be subtitled “farewell instructions for a nation.” Two major events form the substance of Deuteronomy:
  
  
  
  • (1) the long speech that Moses delivers, effecting a renewal of the covenant, and
  
  
  • (2) the passing of the leadership from Moses to Joshua, thereby making the book a succession narrative.
    
    
    
    • The book thus forms the final volume in the biography of Moses, which begins with his birth in Exodus 2 and ends with his death in Deuteronomy 34.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  

Deuteronomy As A Solemn Covenant (from Commentary on Deuteronomy by Dr Peter Pett: http://uk.geocities.com/jonpartin/deuteronomy1.html):

• Covenants made in 2nd millennium BC followed a specific pattern. They began with an introductory preamble and by naming the Overlord, and then continued with a historical prologue by describing what He had done for them. Consider Exodus 20:2, “I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage,” which is a brief example. This was then followed by details of His covenant requirements, and an explanation as to how the covenant was to be documented, who were to witness it, and the cursings and blessings that would come on those who obeyed or disobeyed its stipulations. Stipulations would then be laid down for the public reading of it, and it would be lodged in a Sanctuary. This pattern is clearly reflected in Deuteronomy.


• Thus it has been suggested that the covenant basis of Deuteronomy can be briefly seen as follows:
  
  
  
  1. Preamble: Background, and description of the Covenant overlord (1:1-6a).
  
  
  2. 
     Historical prologue: the Covenant history outlined (1:6b-4.44).
  
  
  3. 
     Stipulations: the principles laid down and the Covenant requirements laid out (4:45-26:19).
  
  
  4. The Documenting of the Covenant (27:1-8).
  
  
  5. Witnesses to the Covenant (27:11-13).
  
  
  6. Blessings and Cursings on the recipients depending on response (27:14-28:68).
  
  
  7. Covenant ratification (29-30).
  
  
  8. The Public Reading of the Covenant (31:10-13).
  
  
  9. Lodging the Covenant in the Sanctuary (32:24-27).
  
  
  10. Ensuring the continuity of the Covenant (31-34).
  
  
  
  

Where was the book kept?:

• Deuteronomy 31:24-26: When Moses had finished writing this entire body of instruction in a book, he gave this command to the Levites who carried the Ark of the Lord’s Covenant: “Take this Book of Instruction and place it beside the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord your God, so it may remain there as a witness against the people of Israel.


• The 31st chapter describes how, on the last day of his life, Moses committed the Torah to writing and commanded the Levites to place it "beside" the Ark of the Covenant. Rashi, in his commentary on the verse, writes: “Our sages debated in [the talmudic tractate] Bava Basra concerning this Torah scroll. There are those who say that a shelf extended from the outside of the Ark, and on it the Torah scroll was placed. And there are those who say that it was placed to the side of the Two Tablets [inscribed with the Ten Commandments] within the Ark.”

References to Deuteronomy in the rest of the Bible (Deuteronomy is cited over 200 times in the New Testament.):

• Joshua 8:31: He followed the commands that Moses the Lord’s servant had written in the Book of Instruction: “Make me an altar from stones that are uncut and have not been shaped with iron tools.” Then on the altar they presented burnt offerings and peace offerings to the Lord.


• 1 Kings 2:1-4: As the time of King David’s death approached, he gave this charge to his son Solomon: “I am going where everyone on earth must someday go. Take courage and be a man. Observe the requirements of the Lord your God, and follow all his ways. Keep the decrees, commands, regulations, and laws written in the Law of Moses so that you will be successful in all you do and wherever you go. If you do this, then the Lord will keep the promise he made to me. He told me, ‘If your descendants live as they should and follow me faithfully with all their heart and soul, one of them will always sit on the throne of Israel.’
  


• 2 Kings 14:6: However, he did not kill the children of the assassins, for he obeyed the command of the Lord as written by Moses in the Book of the Law: “Parents must not be put to death for the sins of their children, nor children for the sins of their parents. Those deserving to die must be put to death for their own crimes.”


• 2 Kings 22:1-20; 23:1-25: Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem thirty-one years. His mother was Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah from Bozkath. He did what was pleasing in the Lord’s sight and followed the example of his ancestor David. He did not turn away from doing what was right. In the eighteenth year of his reign, King Josiah sent Shaphan son of Azaliah and grandson of Meshullam, the court secretary, to the Temple of the Lord. He told him, “Go to Hilkiah the high priest and have him count the money the gatekeepers have collected from the people at the Lord’s Temple. Entrust this money to the men assigned to supervise the Temple’s restoration. Then they can use it to pay workers to repair the Temple of the Lord. They will need to hire carpenters, builders, and masons. Also have them buy the timber and the finished stone needed to repair the Temple. But don’t require the construction supervisors to keep account of the money they receive, for they are honest and trustworthy men.” Hilkiah the high priest said to Shaphan the court secretary, “I have found the Book of the Law in the Lord’s Temple!” Then Hilkiah gave the scroll to Shaphan, and he read it. Shaphan went to the king and reported, “Your officials have turned over the money collected at the Temple of the Lord to the workers and supervisors at the Temple.” Shaphan also told the king, “Hilkiah the priest has given me a scroll.” So Shaphan read it to the king. When the king heard what was written in the Book of the Law, he tore his clothes in despair. Then he gave these orders to Hilkiah the priest, Ahikam son of Shaphan, Acbor son of Micaiah, Shaphan the court secretary, and Asaiah the king’s personal adviser: “Go to the Temple and speak to the Lord for me and for the people and for all Judah. Inquire about the words written in this scroll that has been found. For the Lord’s great anger is burning against us because our ancestors have not obeyed the words in this scroll. We have not been doing everything it says we must do.” So Hilkiah the priest, Ahikam, Acbor, Shaphan, and Asaiah went to the New Quarter of Jerusalem to consult with the prophet Huldah. She was the wife of Shallum son of Tikvah, son of Harhas, the keeper of the Temple wardrobe. She said to them, “The Lord, the God of Israel, has spoken! Go back and tell the man who sent you, ‘This is what the Lord says: I am going to bring disaster on this city and its people. All the words written in the scroll that the king of Judah has read will come true. For my people have abandoned me and offered sacrifices to pagan gods, and I am very angry with them for everything they have done. My anger will burn against this place, and it will not be quenched.’ “But go to the king of Judah who sent you to seek the Lord and tell him: ‘This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says concerning the message you have just heard: You were sorry and humbled yourself before the Lord when you heard what I said against this city and its people—that this land would be cursed and become desolate. You tore your clothing in despair and wept before me in repentance. And I have indeed heard you, says the Lord. So I will not send the promised disaster until after you have died and been buried in peace. You will not see the disaster I am going to bring on this city.’” So they took her message back to the king. Then the king summoned all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem. And the king went up to the Temple of the Lord with all the people of Judah and Jerusalem, along with the priests and the prophets—all the people from the least to the greatest. There the king read to them the entire Book of the Covenant that had been found in the Lord’s Temple. The king took his place of authority beside the pillar and renewed the covenant in the Lord’s presence. He pledged to obey the Lord by keeping all his commands, laws, and decrees with all his heart and soul. In this way, he confirmed all the terms of the covenant that were written in the scroll, and all the people pledged themselves to the covenant. Then the king instructed Hilkiah the high priest and the priests of the second rank and the Temple gatekeepers to remove from the Lord’s Temple all the articles that were used to worship Baal, Asherah, and all the powers of the heavens. The king had all these things burned outside Jerusalem on the terraces of the Kidron Valley, and he carried the ashes away to Bethel. He did away with the idolatrous priests, who had been appointed by the previous kings of Judah, for they had offered sacrifices at the pagan shrines throughout Judah and even in the vicinity of Jerusalem. They had also offered sacrifices to Baal, and to the sun, the moon, the constellations, and to all the powers of the heavens. The king removed the Asherah pole from the Lord’s Temple and took it outside Jerusalem to the Kidron Valley, where he burned it. Then he ground the ashes of the pole to dust and threw the dust over the graves of the people. He also tore down the living quarters of the male and female shrine prostitutes that were inside the Temple of the Lord, where the women wove coverings for the Asherah pole. Josiah brought to Jerusalem all the priests who were living in other towns of Judah. He also defiled the pagan shrines, where they had offered sacrifices—all the way from Geba to Beersheba. He destroyed the shrines at the entrance to the gate of Joshua, the governor of Jerusalem. This gate was located to the left of the city gate as one enters the city. The priests who had served at the pagan shrines were not allowed to serve at the Lord’s altar in Jerusalem, but they were allowed to eat unleavened bread with the other priests. Then the king defiled the altar of Topheth in the valley of Ben-Hinnom, so no one could ever again use it to sacrifice a son or daughter in the fire as an offering to Molech. He removed from the entrance of the Lord’s Temple the horse statues that the former kings of Judah had dedicated to the sun. They were near the quarters of Nathan-melech the eunuch, an officer of the court. The king also burned the chariots dedicated to the sun. Josiah tore down the altars that the kings of Judah had built on the palace roof above the upper room of Ahaz. The king destroyed the altars that Manasseh had built in the two courtyards of the Lord’s Temple. He smashed them to bits and scattered the pieces in the Kidron Valley. The king also desecrated the pagan shrines east of Jerusalem, to the south of the Mount of Corruption, where King Solomon of Israel had built shrines for Ashtoreth, the detestable goddess of the Sidonians; and for Chemosh, the detestable god of the Moabites; and for Molech, the vile god of the Ammonites. He smashed the sacred pillars and cut down the Asherah poles. Then he desecrated these places by scattering human bones over them. The king also tore down the altar at Bethel—the pagan shrine that Jeroboam son of Nebat had made when he caused Israel to sin. He burned down the shrine and ground it to dust, and he burned the Asherah pole. Then Josiah turned around and noticed several tombs in the side of the hill. He ordered that the bones be brought out, and he burned them on the altar at Bethel to desecrate it. (This happened just as the Lord had promised through the man of God when Jeroboam stood beside the altar at the festival.) Then Josiah turned and looked up at the tomb of the man of God who had predicted these things. “What is that monument over there?” Josiah asked. And the people of the town told him, “It is the tomb of the man of God who came from Judah and predicted the very things that you have just done to the altar at Bethel!” Josiah replied, “Leave it alone. Don’t disturb his bones.” So they did not burn his bones or those of the old prophet from Samaria. Then Josiah demolished all the buildings at the pagan shrines in the towns of Samaria, just as he had done at Bethel. They had been built by the various kings of Israel and had made the Lord very angry. He executed the priests of the pagan shrines on their own altars, and he burned human bones on the altars to desecrate them. Finally, he returned to Jerusalem. King Josiah then issued this order to all the people: “You must celebrate the Passover to the Lord your God, as required in this Book of the Covenant.” There had not been a Passover celebration like that since the time when the judges ruled in Israel, nor throughout all the years of the kings of Israel and Judah. This Passover was celebrated to the Lord in Jerusalem in the eighteenth year of King Josiah’s reign. Josiah also got rid of the mediums and psychics, the household gods, the idols, and every other kind of detestable practice, both in Jerusalem and throughout the land of Judah. He did this in obedience to the laws written in the scroll that Hilkiah the priest had found in the Lord’s Temple. Never before had there been a king like Josiah, who turned to the Lord with all his heart and soul and strength, obeying all the laws of Moses. And there has never been a king like him since.


• 2 Chronicles 23:18: Jehoiada now put the priests and Levites in charge of the Temple of the Lord, following all the directions given by David. He also commanded them to present burnt offerings to the Lord, as prescribed by the Law of Moses, and to sing and rejoice as David had instructed.


• 2 Chronicles 34:14: While they were bringing out the money collected at the Lord’s Temple, Hilkiah the priest found the Book of the Law of the Lord that was written by Moses.


• Ezra 3:2: Then Jeshua son of Jehozadak joined his fellow priests and Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel with his family in rebuilding the altar of the God of Israel. They wanted to sacrifice burnt offerings on it, as instructed in the Law of Moses, the man of God.


• Nehemiah 8:1: all the people assembled with a unified purpose at the square just inside the Water Gate. They asked Ezra the scribe to bring out the Book of the Law of Moses, which the Lord had given for Israel to obey.


• Daniel 9:11,13: All Israel has disobeyed your instruction and turned away, refusing to listen to your voice “So now the solemn curses and judgments written in the Law of Moses, the servant of God, have been poured down on us because of our sin...Every curse written against us in the Law of Moses has come true. Yet we have refused to seek mercy from the Lord our God by turning from our sins and recognizing his truth.


• Malachi 4:4: Remember to obey the Law of Moses, my servant—all the decrees and regulations that I gave him on Mount Sinai for all Israel.


• Matthew 4:1-11: Then Jesus was led by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted there by the devil. For forty days and forty nights he fasted and became very hungry. During that time the devil came and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, tell these stones to become loaves of bread.” But Jesus told him, “No! The Scriptures say, ‘People do not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.’” Then the devil took him to the holy city, Jerusalem, to the highest point of the Temple, and said, “If you are the Son of God, jump off! For the Scriptures say, ‘He will order his angels to protect you. And they will hold you up with their hands so you won’t even hurt your foot on a stone.’” Jesus responded, “The Scriptures also say, ‘You must not test the Lord your God.’” Next the devil took him to the peak of a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory. “I will give it all to you,” he said, “if you will kneel down and worship me.” “Get out of here, Satan,” Jesus told him. “For the Scriptures say, ‘You must worship the Lord your God and serve only him.’” Then the devil went away, and angels came and took care of Jesus. (References Deuteronomy 8:3, Psalm 91:11-12, Deuteronomy 6:13 & 16).


• Matthew 19:7-8: Then why did Moses say in the law that a man could give his wife a written notice of divorce and send her away?” they asked. Jesus replied, “Moses permitted divorce only as a concession to your hard hearts, but it was not what God had originally intended.
  (References Deuteronomy 24:1).


• Mark 10:3-4: Jesus answered them with a question: “What did Moses say in the law about divorce?” “Well, he permitted it,” they replied. “He said a man can give his wife a written notice of divorce and send her away.”


• Romans 10:19: But I ask, did the people of Israel really understand? Yes, they did, for even in the time of Moses, God said, “I will rouse your jealousy through people who are not even a nation. I will provoke your anger through the foolish Gentiles.”
  
  (References Deuteronomy 32:21).


• Hebrews 10:28: For anyone who refused to obey the law of Moses was put to death without mercy on the testimony of two or three witnesses.

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On-Line Sources:

• An Argument of the Book of Deuteronomy by David Malick: http://bible.org/article/argument-book-deuteronomy


• Back to the Bible 101 - Deuteronomy: www.geocities.com/genebrooks/deuteronomy.html


• Bible Explained - Deuteronomy: www.bibleexplained.com/moses/Deut/Deu.htm


• Calvary Chapel - Deuteronomy 1-4 mp3 Download: http://ne.edgecastcdn.net/0007BA/c2000/c2041.mp3


• Chuck Missler - Deuteronomy: www.blueletterbible.org/audio_video/comm_author.cfm?AuthorID=21


• Clarke's Commentary - Deuteronomy 1: www.godrules.net/library/clarke/clarkedeu1.htm


• Commentary on Deuteronomy by Dr Peter Pett: http://uk.geocities.com/jonpartin/deuteronomy1.html


• Comments On The Book Of Deuteronomy by Leslie M Grant: www.biblecentre.org/commentaries/lmg_05_deuteronomy.htm


• Crosswalk: http://bible.crosswalk.com
  


• David Guzik's Commentary on Deuteronomy: www.enduringword.com/commentaries/05.htm


• Deuteronomy Bible Study Broadcasts: www.khouse.org/6640_cat/biblestudy/deuteronomy/


• Deuteronomy by C. H. Mackintosh: www.stempublishing.com/index/bybook-ot.html#deuteronomy


• Deuteronomy by Robert I Bradshaw: www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_deuteronomy.html


• Deuteronomy Introduction: Outline, index, Overview: www.foundationsforfreedom.net/References/OT/Pentateuch/Deuteronomy/Deut00_Intro.html


• e-Sword: www.e-sword.net/


• ESV Study Bible Notes - Deuteronomy: www.esvstudybible.org/search?q=Deuteronomy+1


• Deuteronomy Audio Bible Study Lesson: www.soniclight.com/study_cd/audio_bible_study_lessons/deuteronomy.htm


• Messages On Deuteronomy - Peninsula Bible Church: www.pbc.org/books/Deuteronomy


• Net Bible: www.bible.org/netbible/index.htm


• Notes on Deuteronomy: www.soniclight.com/constable/notes/pdf/deuteronomy.pdf


• Scofield Reference Notes on Deuteronomy: (1917 Edition): www.biblestudytools.com/Commentaries/ScofieldReferenceNotes/srn.cgi?book=de


• Selected Bibliography of Deuteronomy: http://bible.org/article/selected-bibliography-deuteronomy


• Sermons on Deuteronomy: www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/Sermons/ByScripture/28/


• Sermons on Deuteronomy: http://thegospelcoalition.org/resources/category/sermons/a/scripture/deuteronomy


• Summary of the Book of Deuteronomy: www.bible-infonet.org/bin/outline/bible/old_test/Deuteronomy.htm


• The Book of Deuteronomy by Arend Remmers: www.biblecentre.org/commentaries/ar_05_ot_overview_numbers.htm


• The Book of Deuteronomy - The Annotated Bible by Arno Clement Gaebelein: www.biblecentre.org/commentaries/acg_05_deuteronomy.htm


• The Gospel in Deuteronomy: www.gracegems.org/Law2/Deuteronomy.htm


• Wikipedia - Deuteronomy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy

Off-Line Sources:

• "Archaeological Study Bible", NIV Version - Zondervan Publishing House


• "Cruden's Complete Concordance" - Zondervan Publishing House


• "ESV Study Bible" - Crossway Bibles (October 15, 2008)


• "Baxter's Explore the Book" by J. Sidlow Baxter


• "Life Application Study Bible" - New Living Translation version - Tyndale House Publishers


• "The Companion Bible" by E. W. Bullinger - Zondervan Publishing House


• "The
  Defender's Study Bible" -World Bible Publishers


• "The NIV Life Application Commentary - Exodus" – Peter Enns – Zondervan™


• "Unger's Bible Dictionary" - Merrill F. Unger


• "Vine's
  Complete Expository Dictionary" - W. E. Vine - Thomas Nelson Publishers